Supplement TA: Teachers’ attitudes towards epilepsy

Table of contents

• 1 R packages
• 2 Data import and manipulation
• 3 Custom functions
• 4 Table: Teachers’ attitudes (part 1)
• 5 Table: Teachers’ attitudes (part 2)
• 6 R session info
• 7 References

1 R packages

library(tidyverse)
library(gt)
library(readxl)
library(gtExtras)
library(devtools)
library(knitr)
write_bib(file = "packages.bib")

2 Data import and manipulation

DATA <- read_xlsx("SURVEY_DATA.xlsx")

DATA <-
  DATA %>%
  select(-where( ~ all(is.na(.)))) %>%
  filter(`teilnahme[teilnahme]` == "Y")

DATA <-
  DATA[9:81] %>%
  mutate(NA_CHECK = rowSums(!is.na(.))) %>%
  filter(NA_CHECK > 0) %>%
  filter(AB7 == 0) %>% # exclude special education schools
  mutate_all(as.factor) %>%
  mutate_at(vars(names(DATA[paste0("SE", 1:20)])), ~ factor(., levels = 1:4))

3 Custom functions

overview_item <- function(item) {
  
  t1 <-
    DATA %>%
    group_by({{item}}, .drop = F) %>%
    summarise(n = n()) %>%
    drop_na() %>%
    mutate_all(as.numeric) %>%
    mutate(percent = ((n / sum(n)) * 100)) %>%
    rbind(colSums(.), .) %>%
    mutate(param = paste0(n, "<br>(", percent |> round(1), "%)")) %>%
    t() %>%
    as.data.frame() %>%
    slice(4)
  
  t2 <-
    DATA %>%
    group_by({{item}}, .drop = F) %>%
    summarise(n = n()) %>%
    drop_na() %>%
    mutate_all(as.numeric) %>%
    t() %>%
    as.data.frame() %>%
    slice(2) %>%
    rev() %>%
    mutate(sum = sum(.)) %>%
    mutate(Y = V3 + V4) %>%
    mutate(N = V1 + V2) %>%
    mutate(pY = (Y / sum * 100) |> round(1)) %>%
    mutate(pN = (N / sum * 100) |> round(1)) %>%
    mutate(n = paste0(N, "<br>(", pN, "%)")) %>%
    mutate(y = paste0(Y, "<br>(", pY, "%)")) %>%
    select(n, y)
  
  lp <-
    DATA %>%
    group_by({{item}}, .drop = F) %>%
    summarise(n = n()) %>%
    drop_na() %>%
    mutate_all(as.numeric) %>%
    t() %>%
    as.data.frame() %>%
    slice(2) %>%
    rev() %>%
    mutate(sum = sum(.)) %>%
    mutate(Y = V3 + V4) %>%
    mutate(N = V1 + V2) %>%
    mutate(list_plot = (Y / sum * 100) |> round(1)) %>%
    slice(1) %>%
    select(list_plot)
  
  cbind(t1, t2, lp)
  
}

4 Table: Teachers’ attitudes (part 1)

item_ID <-
  c(1:30) |> as.character()

item_wording <- c(
  "I feel uneasy at the thought of having to supervise Student E on a trip to the museum",
  "I feel uneasy at the thought of having to supervise Student E on a school trip lasting several days",
  "I am confident that I can adequately supervise Student E during a trip to the museum",
  "I am confident that I can adequately supervise Student E during a school trip lasting several days",
  "For safety reasons, I would recommend that Student E does not take part in trips to the museum",
  "For safety reasons, I would recommend that Student E does not take part in school trips lasting several days",
  "I am confident that I can create an appropriate learning environment for Student E",
  "I am confident that I can successfully promote Student E's academic performance",
  "I am confident that I can successfully promote the social integration of Student E",
  "I think Student E will perform less well in my lessons (compared to students without epilepsy)",
  "I think Student E will show more problems in social behavior (compared to students without epilepsy)",
  "I think a special education school is a better learning and development environment for Student E than a regular school",
  "I would recommend that Student E attend a special education school",
  "I think additional educational staff is necessary for lessons with Student E",
  "I would recommend additional educational staff for lessons with Student E",
  "I am uncomfortable with the idea of supervising Student E during physical activities (e.g., play, exercise, and sport)",
  "I am confident that I can adequately supervise Student E during physical activities (e.g., play, exercise, and sport)",
  "I am confident that I can create a safe play and exercise environment for Student E",
  "For safety reasons, I would make sure that student E reduces physical activities and physical exertion (e.g., sports and exercise)",
  "For safety reasons, I would recommend that Student E does not participate in ball sports (e.g., soccer, basketball, or volleyball)",
  "I am confident that I can identify an epileptic seizure in student E",
  "I am confident that I can administer adequate first aid in the event of an epileptic seizure in Student E",
  "I am confident that I can maintain the necessary calm and composure in the event of an epileptic seizure in Student E",
  "I am confident that I can administer the emergency medication (liquid to drip into the mouth) according to the emergency plan in the event of an epileptic seizure in Student E",
  "I am confident that I can adequately supervise the other classmates in the event of an epileptic seizure in Student E",
  "During an epileptic seizure in Student E, I would send the other classmates out of the classroom",
  "I am confident that I can adequately continue the school day and lessons with the class after an epileptic seizure in Student E",
  "I am confident that I can adequately respond to the questions, fears and concerns of the other classmates after an epileptic seizure in Student E",
  "I am confident that I can respond adequately to the emotional needs of Student E after an epileptic seizure",
  "I am confident that I can provide adequate care for Student E after the end of an epileptic seizure"
)

TEST <-
  rbind(
    overview_item(SE1),
    overview_item(SE2),
    overview_item(SE3),
    overview_item(SE4),
    overview_item(SE5),
    overview_item(SE6),
    overview_item(SE7),
    overview_item(SE8),
    overview_item(SE14),
    overview_item(SE9),
    overview_item(SE15),
    overview_item(SE12),
    overview_item(SE13),
    overview_item(SE10),
    overview_item(SE11)
  )

`no.` <- item_ID[1:15]
item <- item_wording[1:15]

cbind(`no.`, item, TEST) %>%
  gt() %>%
  cols_align("left") %>%
  cols_label(
    V1 = "total",
    V5 = html("strongly<br>agree"),
    V4 = html("somewhat<br>agree"),
    V3 = html("somewhat<br>disagree"),
    V2 = html("strongly<br>disagree"),
    n = html("sum<br>disagree"),
    y = html("sum<br>agree"),
    list_plot = html("bar plot<br>sum agree")
  ) %>%
  tab_spanner(label = md("*answers*"), columns = c(V2, V3, V4, V5)) %>%
  tab_spanner(label = md("*aggregated*"), columns = c(n, y)) %>%
  gt_plt_bar_pct(
    column = list_plot,
    scaled = T,
    labels = TRUE,
    fill = "black",
    width = 100,
    height = 30,
    font_size = "12px"
  ) %>%
  fmt_markdown(columns = -last_col()) %>% 
  tab_style(style = cell_text(weight = "bold", style = "italic"),
            locations = cells_column_labels()) %>%
  tab_style(style = cell_text(style = "italic"),
            locations = cells_footnotes()) %>%
  tab_footnote(
    footnote = "Student E = Student with epilepsy;
    sum agree = strongly agree + somewhat agree;
    sum disagree = strongly disagree + somewhat disagree"
  ) %>%
  tab_row_group(label = md("*learning/instruction and social integration/behavior*"), rows = 7:15) %>%
  tab_row_group(label = md("*school trips*"), rows = 1:6) %>%
  tab_options(column_labels.background.color = "gray95",
              footnotes.background.color = "gray95") %>%
  tab_style(style = cell_fill(color = "gray95"), locations = cells_row_groups(groups = everything())) %>%
  cols_width(item ~ pct(31)) %>%
  cols_width(no. ~ pct(3)) %>%
  tab_options(table.align = "left") %>%
  tab_options(table.width = pct(90))

no.	item	total	answers				aggregated		bar plot sum agree
			strongly disagree	somewhat disagree	somewhat agree	strongly agree	sum disagree	sum agree
school trips
1	I feel uneasy at the thought of having to supervise Student E on a trip to the museum	208 (100%)	37 (17.8%)	61 (29.3%)	94 (45.2%)	16 (7.7%)	98 (47.1%)	110 (52.9%)	52.9%
2	I feel uneasy at the thought of having to supervise Student E on a school trip lasting several days	207 (100%)	21 (10.1%)	48 (23.2%)	74 (35.7%)	64 (30.9%)	69 (33.3%)	138 (66.7%)	66.7%
3	I am confident that I can adequately supervise Student E during a trip to the museum	208 (100%)	6 (2.9%)	53 (25.5%)	108 (51.9%)	41 (19.7%)	59 (28.4%)	149 (71.6%)	71.6%
4	I am confident that I can adequately supervise Student E during a school trip lasting several days	208 (100%)	25 (12%)	80 (38.5%)	82 (39.4%)	21 (10.1%)	105 (50.5%)	103 (49.5%)	49.5%
5	For safety reasons, I would recommend that Student E does not take part in trips to the museum	209 (100%)	124 (59.3%)	69 (33%)	15 (7.2%)	1 (0.5%)	193 (92.3%)	16 (7.7%)	7.7%
6	For safety reasons, I would recommend that Student E does not take part in school trips lasting several days	206 (100%)	104 (50.5%)	60 (29.1%)	34 (16.5%)	8 (3.9%)	164 (79.6%)	42 (20.4%)	20.4%
learning/instruction and social integration/behavior
7	I am confident that I can create an appropriate learning environment for Student E	206 (100%)	3 (1.5%)	7 (3.4%)	109 (52.9%)	87 (42.2%)	10 (4.9%)	196 (95.1%)	95.1%
8	I am confident that I can successfully promote Student E’s academic performance	208 (100%)	1 (0.5%)	6 (2.9%)	66 (31.7%)	135 (64.9%)	7 (3.4%)	201 (96.6%)	96.6%
9	I am confident that I can successfully promote the social integration of Student E	207 (100%)	0 (0%)	7 (3.4%)	97 (46.9%)	103 (49.8%)	7 (3.4%)	200 (96.6%)	96.6%
10	I think Student E will perform less well in my lessons (compared to students without epilepsy)	208 (100%)	145 (69.7%)	60 (28.8%)	2 (1%)	1 (0.5%)	205 (98.6%)	3 (1.4%)	1.4%
11	I think Student E will show more problems in social behavior (compared to students without epilepsy)	208 (100%)	145 (69.7%)	59 (28.4%)	4 (1.9%)	0 (0%)	204 (98.1%)	4 (1.9%)	1.9%
12	I think a special education school is a better learning and development environment for Student E than a regular school	208 (100%)	147 (70.7%)	53 (25.5%)	5 (2.4%)	3 (1.4%)	200 (96.2%)	8 (3.8%)	3.8%
13	I would recommend that Student E attend a special education school	206 (100%)	149 (72.3%)	51 (24.8%)	3 (1.5%)	3 (1.5%)	200 (97.1%)	6 (2.9%)	2.9%
14	I think additional educational staff is necessary for lessons with Student E	209 (100%)	42 (20.1%)	66 (31.6%)	60 (28.7%)	41 (19.6%)	108 (51.7%)	101 (48.3%)	48.3%
15	I would recommend additional educational staff for lessons with Student E	208 (100%)	32 (15.4%)	44 (21.2%)	74 (35.6%)	58 (27.9%)	76 (36.5%)	132 (63.5%)	63.5%
Student E = Student with epilepsy; sum agree = strongly agree + somewhat agree; sum disagree = strongly disagree + somewhat disagree

5 Table: Teachers’ attitudes (part 2)

TEST <-
  rbind(
    overview_item(SE16),
    overview_item(SE17),
    overview_item(SE18),
    overview_item(SE19),
    overview_item(SE20),
    overview_item(VA1),
    overview_item(VA2),
    overview_item(VA3),
    overview_item(VA4),
    overview_item(VA5),
    overview_item(VA10),
    overview_item(VA6),
    overview_item(VA7),
    overview_item(VA8),
    overview_item(VA9)
  )

`no.` <- item_ID[16:30]
item <- item_wording[16:30]

cbind(`no.`, item, TEST) %>%
  gt() %>%
  cols_align("left") %>%
  cols_label(
    V1 = "total",
    V5 = html("strongly<br>agree"),
    V4 = html("somewhat<br>agree"),
    V3 = html("somewhat<br>disagree"),
    V2 = html("strongly<br>disagree"),
    n = html("sum<br>disagree"),
    y = html("sum<br>agree"),
    list_plot = html("bar plot<br>sum agree")
  ) %>%
  tab_spanner(label = md("*answers*"), columns = c(V2, V3, V4, V5)) %>%
  tab_spanner(label = md("*aggregated*"), columns = c(n, y)) %>%
  gt_plt_bar_pct(
    column = list_plot,
    scaled = T,
    labels = TRUE,
    fill = "black",
    width = 100,
    height = 30,
    font_size = "12px"
  ) %>%
  fmt_markdown(columns = -last_col()) %>% 
  tab_style(style = cell_text(weight = "bold", style = "italic"),
            locations = cells_column_labels()) %>%
  tab_style(style = cell_text(style = "italic"),
            locations = cells_footnotes()) %>%
  tab_footnote(
    footnote = "Student E = Student with epilepsy;
    sum agree = strongly agree + somewhat agree;
    sum disagree = strongly disagree + somewhat disagree"
  ) %>%
  tab_row_group(label = md("*classroom management and emotional support during and after a seizure (specifically addressing tonic-clonic seizures)*"), rows = 10:15) %>%
  tab_row_group(label = md("*seizure first aid (specifically addressing tonic-clonic seizures)*"), rows = 6:9) %>%
  tab_row_group(label = md("*physical activity*"), rows = 1:5) %>%
  tab_options(column_labels.background.color = "gray95",
              footnotes.background.color = "gray95") %>%
  tab_style(style = cell_fill(color = "gray95"), locations = cells_row_groups(groups = everything())) %>%
  cols_width(item ~ pct(31)) %>%
  cols_width(no. ~ pct(3)) %>%
  tab_options(table.align = "left") %>%
  tab_options(table.width = pct(90))

no.	item	total	answers				aggregated		bar plot sum agree
			strongly disagree	somewhat disagree	somewhat agree	strongly agree	sum disagree	sum agree
physical activity
16	I am uncomfortable with the idea of supervising Student E during physical activities (e.g., play, exercise, and sport)	209 (100%)	40 (19.1%)	74 (35.4%)	90 (43.1%)	5 (2.4%)	114 (54.5%)	95 (45.5%)	45.5%
17	I am confident that I can adequately supervise Student E during physical activities (e.g., play, exercise, and sport)	208 (100%)	5 (2.4%)	58 (27.9%)	102 (49%)	43 (20.7%)	63 (30.3%)	145 (69.7%)	69.7%
18	I am confident that I can create a safe play and exercise environment for Student E	207 (100%)	4 (1.9%)	48 (23.2%)	121 (58.5%)	34 (16.4%)	52 (25.1%)	155 (74.9%)	74.9%
19	For safety reasons, I would make sure that student E reduces physical activities and physical exertion (e.g., sports and exercise)	208 (100%)	63 (30.3%)	92 (44.2%)	48 (23.1%)	5 (2.4%)	155 (74.5%)	53 (25.5%)	25.5%
20	For safety reasons, I would recommend that Student E does not participate in ball sports (e.g., soccer, basketball, or volleyball)	207 (100%)	90 (43.5%)	96 (46.4%)	19 (9.2%)	2 (1%)	186 (89.9%)	21 (10.1%)	10.1%
seizure first aid (specifically addressing tonic-clonic seizures)
21	I am confident that I can identify an epileptic seizure in student E	210 (100%)	4 (1.9%)	18 (8.6%)	127 (60.5%)	61 (29%)	22 (10.5%)	188 (89.5%)	89.5%
22	I am confident that I can administer adequate first aid in the event of an epileptic seizure in Student E	210 (100%)	9 (4.3%)	57 (27.1%)	113 (53.8%)	31 (14.8%)	66 (31.4%)	144 (68.6%)	68.6%
23	I am confident that I can maintain the necessary calm and composure in the event of an epileptic seizure in Student E	210 (100%)	4 (1.9%)	43 (20.5%)	126 (60%)	37 (17.6%)	47 (22.4%)	163 (77.6%)	77.6%
24	I am confident that I can administer the emergency medication (liquid to drip into the mouth) according to the emergency plan in the event of an epileptic seizure in Student E	209 (100%)	8 (3.8%)	36 (17.2%)	116 (55.5%)	49 (23.4%)	44 (21.1%)	165 (78.9%)	78.9%
classroom management and emotional support during and after a seizure (specifically addressing tonic-clonic seizures)
25	I am confident that I can adequately supervise the other classmates in the event of an epileptic seizure in Student E	209 (100%)	28 (13.4%)	72 (34.4%)	79 (37.8%)	30 (14.4%)	100 (47.8%)	109 (52.2%)	52.2%
26	During an epileptic seizure in Student E, I would send the other classmates out of the classroom	210 (100%)	19 (9%)	65 (31%)	76 (36.2%)	50 (23.8%)	84 (40%)	126 (60%)	60%
27	I am confident that I can adequately continue the school day and lessons with the class after an epileptic seizure in Student E	209 (100%)	10 (4.8%)	47 (22.5%)	102 (48.8%)	50 (23.9%)	57 (27.3%)	152 (72.7%)	72.7%
28	I am confident that I can adequately respond to the questions, fears and concerns of the other classmates after an epileptic seizure in Student E	209 (100%)	3 (1.4%)	18 (8.6%)	98 (46.9%)	90 (43.1%)	21 (10%)	188 (90%)	90%
29	I am confident that I can respond adequately to the emotional needs of Student E after an epileptic seizure	210 (100%)	2 (1%)	29 (13.8%)	124 (59%)	55 (26.2%)	31 (14.8%)	179 (85.2%)	85.2%
30	I am confident that I can provide adequate care for Student E after the end of an epileptic seizure	207 (100%)	5 (2.4%)	53 (25.6%)	103 (49.8%)	46 (22.2%)	58 (28%)	149 (72%)	72%
Student E = Student with epilepsy; sum agree = strongly agree + somewhat agree; sum disagree = strongly disagree + somewhat disagree

6 R session info

session_info()
## ─ Session info ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##  setting  value
##  version  R version 4.4.2 (2024-10-31 ucrt)
##  os       Windows 11 x64 (build 22631)
##  system   x86_64, mingw32
##  ui       RTerm
##  language (EN)
##  collate  German_Germany.utf8
##  ctype    German_Germany.utf8
##  tz       Europe/Berlin
##  date     2024-11-27
##  pandoc   3.2 @ C:/Program Files/RStudio/resources/app/bin/quarto/bin/tools/ (via rmarkdown)
## 
## ─ Packages ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
##  package     * version  date (UTC) lib source
##  base64enc     0.1-3    2015-07-28 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.0)
##  cachem        1.1.0    2024-05-16 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  cellranger    1.1.0    2016-07-27 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  cli           3.6.3    2024-06-21 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  colorspace    2.1-1    2024-07-26 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  commonmark    1.9.2    2024-10-04 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  devtools    * 2.4.5    2022-10-11 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  digest        0.6.37   2024-08-19 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  dplyr       * 1.1.4    2023-11-17 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  ellipsis      0.3.2    2021-04-29 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  evaluate      1.0.1    2024-10-10 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  fansi         1.0.6    2023-12-08 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  fastmap       1.2.0    2024-05-15 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  fontawesome   0.5.3    2024-11-16 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  forcats     * 1.0.0    2023-01-29 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  fs            1.6.5    2024-10-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  generics      0.1.3    2022-07-05 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  ggplot2     * 3.5.1    2024-04-23 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  glue          1.8.0    2024-09-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  gt          * 0.11.1   2024-10-04 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  gtable        0.3.6    2024-10-25 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  gtExtras    * 0.5.0    2023-09-15 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  hms           1.1.3    2023-03-21 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  htmltools     0.5.8.1  2024-04-04 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  htmlwidgets   1.6.4    2023-12-06 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  httpuv        1.6.15   2024-03-26 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  jsonlite      1.8.9    2024-09-20 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  knitr       * 1.49     2024-11-08 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  later         1.3.2    2023-12-06 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  lifecycle     1.0.4    2023-11-07 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  lubridate   * 1.9.3    2023-09-27 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  magrittr      2.0.3    2022-03-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  markdown      1.13     2024-06-04 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
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##  pkgbuild      1.4.5    2024-10-28 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  pkgconfig     2.0.3    2019-09-22 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
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##  readr       * 2.1.5    2024-01-10 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  readxl      * 1.4.3    2023-07-06 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  rematch2      2.1.2    2020-05-01 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
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##  rstudioapi    0.17.1   2024-10-22 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  sass          0.4.9    2024-03-15 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  scales        1.3.0    2023-11-28 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  sessioninfo   1.2.2    2021-12-06 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  shiny         1.9.1    2024-08-01 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  stringi       1.8.4    2024-05-06 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.0)
##  stringr     * 1.5.1    2023-11-14 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  tibble      * 3.2.1    2023-03-20 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  tidyr       * 1.3.1    2024-01-24 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
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##  tidyverse   * 2.0.0    2023-02-22 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  timechange    0.3.0    2024-01-18 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  tzdb          0.4.0    2023-05-12 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  urlchecker    1.0.1    2021-11-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  usethis     * 3.0.0    2024-07-29 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.1)
##  utf8          1.2.4    2023-10-22 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  vctrs         0.6.5    2023-12-01 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  withr         3.0.2    2024-10-28 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  xfun          0.49     2024-10-31 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  xml2          1.3.6    2023-12-04 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  xtable        1.8-4    2019-04-21 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.2)
##  yaml          2.3.10   2024-07-26 [1] CRAN (R 4.4.1)
## 
##  [1] C:/Users/Pawel Kulawiak/AppData/Local/Programs/R/R-4.4.2/library
## 
## ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

7 References

Iannone, Richard, Joe Cheng, Barret Schloerke, Ellis Hughes, Alexandra Lauer, JooYoung Seo, Ken Brevoort, and Olivier Roy. 2024. Gt: Easily Create Presentation-Ready Display Tables. https://gt.rstudio.com.

Mock, Thomas. 2023. gtExtras: Extending Gt for Beautiful HTML Tables. https://github.com/jthomasmock/gtExtras.

R Core Team. 2024. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/.

Wickham, Hadley. 2023. Tidyverse: Easily Install and Load the Tidyverse. https://tidyverse.tidyverse.org.

Wickham, Hadley, and Jennifer Bryan. 2023. Readxl: Read Excel Files. https://readxl.tidyverse.org.

Wickham, Hadley, Jim Hester, Winston Chang, and Jennifer Bryan. 2022. Devtools: Tools to Make Developing r Packages Easier. https://devtools.r-lib.org/.

Xie, Yihui. 2024. Knitr: A General-Purpose Package for Dynamic Report Generation in r. https://yihui.org/knitr/.